Reggae music origins are in Jamaica, and it started in the late 1960s. Jamaicas independence from Britain in 1962. The music is deeply connected to Jamaicas history and is also connected to the Rastafarian religious movement. Rastafarianism was a new religious movement that began in Jamaica in the 1930s. According to an early definition in The Dictionary of Jamaican English (1980), reggae is based on ska, an earlier form of Jamaican popular music, and employs a heavy four-beat rhythm driven by drums, bass guitar, electric guitar, and the scraper, a corrugated stick that is rubbed by a plain stick. (The drum and bass became the foundation of a new instrumental music, dub.) The dictionary further states that the chunking sound of the rhythm guitar that comes at the end of measures acts as an accompaniment to emotional songs often expressing rejection of established white-man culture. Another term for this distinctive guitar-playing effect, skengay, is identified with the sound of gunshots ricocheting in the streets of Kingstons ghettos; tellingly, skeng is defined as gun or ratchet knife. Thus, reggae expressed the sounds and pressures of ghetto life. It was the music of the emergent rude boy (would-be gangster) culture. Bob Marley is the most famous musician of Reggae music, he helped to bring this kind of music to the worlds attention. Another reggae superstar, Jimmy Cliff, gained international fame as the star of the movie The Harder They Come (1972). A major cultural force in the worldwide spread of reggae, this Jamaican-made film documented how the music became a voice for the poor and dispossessed. Its soundtrack was a celebration of the defiant human spirit that refuses to be suppressed.
Subgenres such as dub also formed, consisting of recycled and remixed rock steady and ska tunes, incorporating a toaster, essentially an MC, who spoke over the song with Rastafarian messages. By the 1970s it had become an international style that was particularly popular in Britain, the United States, and Africa. Both directly and indirectly and the indirectly is as a result of Eric Claptons popular cover version of Marleys, I Shot the Sheriff in 1974. The dance hall deejays of the 1980s and 90s who refined the practice of toasting (rapping over instrumental tracks) were heirs to reggaes politicization of music. These deejays influenced the emergence of hip-hop music in the United States and extended the market for reggae into the African American community. At the beginning of the 21st century, reggae remained one of the weapons of choice for the urban poor, whose lyrical gun, in the words of performer Shabba Ranks, earned them a measure of respectability. Through time, Jamaicans have constantly mirrored their environment through music, creating an authentic reflection of the nation. The power of reggae, built on a foundation of history with the spirit of the Jamaican people and messages of a better future, became a notion with universal appreciation. This music genre is still going strong today.
My sources for this text is Britannia's article on Reggae and BBC article on Reggae and Study.com's lesson section on Reggae music
Ian Tamblyn is a Canadian singer-songwriting, music producer, playwright and adventurer. He has published his first album in 1972 and is still active in his music, so he has been doing this for 48 years! He has written 39 albums, and 14 plays, and over one hundred theatre soundtracks. Furthermore, he received his Bachelor of Arts in English, with a minor in psychology from Trent University in 1971. As well, Ian Tamblyn enjoyed an acting debut in Jan Irwins production of Up to Low, based on an adaptation of Brian Doyles book where he was also musician and musical director. Ian Tamblyns songs have been covered by numerous artists and there is a tribute album of his work entitled Coastline of our Dreams featuring artists like Lynn Miles, Susan Crowe, Hart Rouge and Valdy. During 2015, Ian Tamblyn was chosen as writer in residence at Carleton University, teaching songwriting and composition to fourth year music students. He has released a CD celebrating the Group of Seven, entitled Walking in the Footsteps, a project commissioned by the Art Gallery of Sudbury. During the winter and spring of 2017 Ian taught at Carleton University again while working on his next CD. In the summer Ian resumed work with Adventure Canada and Students on Ice as a guide, host and educator.
Ian Tamblyn was a frequent traveller in the higher latitudes. His Over My Head (1986) and Magnetic North (1989), issued on CD by True North (WTNK-78 and WTNK-79, respectively) in 1991, and the third in the series, Antarctica (1994), combined field recordings of Canadian wilderness sounds (e.g., birds, rivers, whales, cracking ice) with synthesizer, hammered dulcimer, cello, etc, to create an ambient instrumental music that brought Tamblyn recognition as a new age musician. Notable among his instrumental environmental pieces are Loon Lake, Big Sky, and 25th Hour of the Day. Another Tamblyn cassette, Fifteen Great Years, documents his ongoing musical association since 1982 with the Great Canadian Theatre Co in Ottawa, including Sandinista!, Ghost of the Madawaska, Zero Hour, and An Acre of Time. He enjoyed a similar extended relationship with Young Peoples Theatre in Toronto, and had musical installations in the Museum of Civilization in Gatineau, Que, and public institutions in Ottawa. As a folksinger, Ian Tamblyn toured Canada with Joan Armatrading and made a New York debut at the Other End in 1978. He was as a topical songwriter on CBC radios Sunday Morning.
My sources for the text is Ian Tamblyns Website and University of Carletons Websites page on him and The Canadian Encyclopedias Websites article on him